306 The Semantic Web The Network of
308 The Semantic Web The Network of Meanings in the Network of Documents Table 14-2 OWL constructs and their relationships to RDF and RDF-S OWL Construct Description Comment/Example owl:Class Defines a class. rdf:Property Defines an association. Is taken from RDF as definition. rdfs:subClassOf Is a subclass. Is taken from RDF Schema as definition. rdfs:subPropertyOf Is a sub-association. See above RDF Schema rdfs:domain Is the mathematical domain of a See above RDF Schema function. rdfs:range Is the mathematical range of a See above RDF Schema function. owl:Individual Is the declaration of an instance. Neither XML nor RDF are expressive enough to represent knowledge structures such as ontologies well, and to model them in a sufficiently formal manner. This was the reason why both the XML protagonists and the RDF advocates have defined languages in the form of XML Schema and RDF Schema, respectively. The expressivity of both these languages is somewhere between RDF and OWL. The layered model for Web languages aspired to by Tim Berners-Lee has not yet been achieved, because description languages overlapping the range from XML to OWL have been constructed, which, when interacting, have many different possibilities to represent the same fact. It is impossible to say today which description languages will eventually gain acceptance in the future. What can be said is that today s choice (2005) for Semantic Web research applications is the XML-RDF-OWL stack, whereas industrial solutions usually content themselves with application-specific XML-RDF descriptions. 14.3 Specifics of Semantic Web Applications The technologies currently emerging for Semantic Web applications have not yet reached industrial maturity, so that we can t really speak of much industrial engineering practice in this field. Nevertheless, many innovative vendors have introduced initial components or prototypes to the market. 14.3.1 Semantic Markup In practical applications, semantic annotations using some form of mark up will likely be the most frequent customer requirement in connection with the development of a Semantic Web application. If concepts of the Semantic Web are to establish themselves in practical applications at all, then corresponding agent systems will have to be developed, too. Semantic markup requires, firstly, a good ontological model and, secondly, the annotators sound understanding of the application-specific ontology.
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