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14.3 Specifics of Semantic Web Applications 313 orchestration.Inother words Orchestration is how service functionality is achieved by aggregating other web services. The service paradigm will be a crucial precondition for the industrial use of the Semantic Web. The semantic description of Web Services will allow better advertising and subsequently, better discovery of Web Services and more importantly supply a better solution for the selection, invocation, composition, monitoring and interoperation of Web Services. 14.3.5 Integration into Web Engineering If we want to expand the method for the development of Web applications by a semantic component, it is useful to remember how a semantic Web application differs from a traditional Web application: Agents: The first fundamental difference is the mandatory assumption that a semantically marked up information space will be visited by software agents, and that these agents can extract knowledge from this space with or without the help of an information provider. This means that the information space should have an agent-supporting architecture. Knowledge representation: The second fundamental assumption is that the information space provides a high degree of semantic comparability with other information spaces. This means that extremely high requirements are posed on standardization of the terminology and its interpretation options. This can be facilitated by using a general knowledge representation language that allows converting semantic annotations into predicate logic and eventually into decidable statements. Consequently, a Semantic Web application will use a standardized language for knowledge representation. Knowledge modeling: A Web application that supports semantic annotation has to be fitted with an ontology during its design phase. In the simplest case, we would take an existing ontology. In the most complicated case, we would use a consolidation process within the user group of the relevant application domain to work out an ontology for the first time ever. Semantic annotation: If we decide to use an existing ontology, we will have to structure and label the information space based on this ontology. For complex applications, this will most likely be done by experts, who should be given appropriate tools, i.e., annotation editors, for the application s maintenance environment. For simpler and highly structured applications, it may be possible to automate part of the annotation work. Knowledge storage and query: An information space is characterized by its heterogeneous data elements (images, graphics, text, audio and video files). While structural and navigational concepts are generally well understood, it is much harder to classify the role of meta-data and knowledge concepts as well as queries. This expansion of a general architecture results in the following additional steps for the development method of Semantic Web applications: Adaptation of the system to software agents. Selection of a knowledge representation language with tool support, including adaptation of the tools to the concrete environment.

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