312 The Semantic Web The Network of
314 The Semantic Web The Network of Meanings in the Network of Documents Creation of an application-specific ontology (if required). Manual and/or automatic annotation of the information space that should be covered by the Web application under development. Since the elements of Semantic Web applications are more closely related to the building of knowledge-based systems than to the building of hypertext systems, one has to expect a significant shift in required development expertise once Semantic Web applications become more widespread. On the other hand, if the Semantic Web proves a success, then there will be an increasing number of vendors who will offer innovative, easy-to-use development tools. 14.4 Tools Environments designed to build agents and editors to support the creation of ontologies and tools for semantic markup of Web pages are of prime interest for the development of Semantic Web applications. However, we should be aware of the fact that most tools currently available are research prototypes, since there are no mature technologies yet. Agent Frameworks One of the most time-consuming development processes is the construction of agent systems. For FIPA-compatible agent systems alone, there are currently well over a dozen development tools, which are surely worth being tested before trying to design a new agent system from the scratch. JADE and FIPA-OS are good examples of such development environments. Bellifemine et al. (2001) describe JADE, a development environment for multi-agent systems based on Java and on the FIPA standards (http://sharon.cselt.it/projects/jade). The system has been under development since 1999, and it includes tools to build agents and to manage and distribute agents. Similar to JADE, FIPA-OS is also designed to methodologically support the construction and management of agent systems by providing appropriate tools (http://fipa-os.sourceforge. net). FIPA-OS is an open-source project. At the end of 2001, an agent framework called Micro-FIPA-OS was introduced for mobile applications on PDAs and similar devices. In the area of Semantic Web Services, a number of research frameworks are emerging. One of the most prominent toolsets is provided by the groups developing the Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO, http://www.wsmo.org). Ontology Editors If there is no ontology available for a specific application domain, or if we want to further develop an existing ontology, we will have to use a tool to maintain the hierarchical order of the terms and their definitions. This is where ontology editors come in. An ontology editor supports us in defining a conceptual hierarchy, including attributes and relations between the concepts, and it assists us in creating synonym lists and multi-lingual thesauruses. Most of the more recent tools support RDF Schema and DAML + OIL or OWL by way of import and export functions. Examples of such editors include Protege2000 (Noy et al. 2001), OntoEdit (Sure et al. 2002), and OilEd (Bechhofer et al. 2001).
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